© Copyright World Health Organization (WHO), 2020. All Rights Reserved.
Website designed by ACW, London
Incorporating Intersectional Gender Analysis
into Research on Infectious Diseases of Poverty
A toolkit for health researchers
Incorporating Intersectional Gender Analysis into Research on Infectious Diseases of Poverty – A toolkit for health researchers
References
1. Allotey P, Gyapong M. The gender agenda in the control of tropical diseases: A review of current evidence [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Oct 26]. Available from: http://www.who.int/tdr/publications/documents/seb_topic4.pdf
2. Morgan R, George A, Ssali S, Hawkins K, Molyneux S, Theobald S. How to do (or not to do)… gender analysis in health systems research. Health Policy Plan. 2016;31(8):1069–1078.
3. WHO. Gender [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/gender
4. Connell RW, Messerschmidt JW. Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept. Gend Soc. 2005;19(6):829–59.
5. Connell R. Gender, health and theory: conceptualizing the issue, in local and world perspective. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2012 Jun [cited 2014 Oct 28];74(11):1675–83. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764489
6.Larson E, George A, Morgan R, Poteat T. 10 Best resources on. . . intersectionality with an emphasis on low-and middle-income countries. Health Policy Plan. 2016;31(8):964–9.
7. Hankivsky O, Cormier R, De Merich D. Intersectionality: Moving Women’s Health Research and Policy Forward [Internet]. Vancouver; 2009 [cited 2018 Oct 27]. Available from: http://bccewh.bc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/2009_IntersectionaliyMovingwomenshealthresearchandpolicyforward.pdf
8. Hankivsky O. Women’s health, men’s health, and gender and health: implications of intersectionality. Soc Sci Med. 2012 Jun;74(11):1712–20.
9. Hankivsky O, Grace D, Hunting G, Giesbrecht M, Fridkin A, Rudrum S, et al. An intersectionality-based policy analysis framework: critical reflections on a methodology for advancing equity. Int J Equity Health. 2014 Dec 10;13:119.
10.Simpson J. Everyone Belongs: A Toolkit for Applying Intersectionality [Internet]. Ottawa; 2009 [cited 2018 Feb 23]. Available from: http://also-chicago.org/also_site/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Everyone_Belongs-A-toolkit-for-applying-intersectionality.pdf
11. Dean L, Tolhurst R, Khanna R, Jehan K. ‘You’re disabled, why did you have sex in the first place?’ An intersectional analysis of experiences of disabled women with regard to their sexual and reproductive health and rights in Gujarat State, India. Glob Health Action [Internet]. 2017 Jan 2 [cited 2017 Aug 31];10(sup2):1290316. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28460595
12. Manandhar M, Hawkes S, Buse K, Nosrati E, Magar V. Gender, health and the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. Bull World Health Organ. 2018 Sep 1;96(9):644–53.
13. Barrett R. Self-mortification and the stigma of leprosy in northern India. Med Anthropol Q [Internet]. 2005 Jun [cited 2018 Oct 27];19(2):216–30. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15974328
14. Chikovore J, Hart G, Kumwenda M, Chipungu GA, Desmond N, Corbett L. Control, struggle, and emergent masculinities: a qualitative study of men’s care-seeking determinants for chronic cough and tuberculosis symptoms in Blantyre, Malawi. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2014 Dec 9 [cited 2018 Oct 2];14(1):1053. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25301572
15. Chikovore J, Hart G, Kumwenda M, Chipungu GA, Corbett L. ‘For a mere cough, men must just chew Conjex , gain strength, and continue working’: the provider construction and tuberculosis care-seeking implications in Blantyre, Malawi. Glob Health Action [Internet]. 2015 Dec 31 [cited 2018 Oct 27];8(1):26292. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25833138
16. Gyapong M, Gyapong J, Weiss M, Tanner M. The burden of hydrocele on men in Northern Ghana. Acta Trop [Internet]. 2000 Dec 1 [cited 2018 Oct 27];77(3):287–94. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11114391
17. Barter DM, Agboola SO, Murray MB, Bärnighausen T. Tuberculosis and poverty: the contribution of patient costs in sub-Saharan Africa – a systematic review. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2012 Dec 14 [cited 2018 Oct 27];12(1):980. Available from: http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-12-980
18. Chikovore J, Hart G, Kumwenda M, Chipungu G, Desmond N, Corbett EL. TB and HIV stigma compounded by threatened masculinity: implications for TB health-care seeking in Malawi. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis [Internet]. 2017 Nov 1 [cited 2019 Feb 7];21(11):26–33. Available from: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/10.5588/ijtld.16.0925
19. Chesnais CB, Missamou F, Pion SD, Bopda J, Louya F, Majewski AC, et al. A case study of risk factors for lymphatic filariasis in the Republic of Congo. Parasit Vectors [Internet]. 2014 Jul 1 [cited 2018 Oct 27];7(1):300. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24984769
20. Upadhyayula SM, Mutheneni SR, Kadiri MR, Kumaraswamy S, Nagalla B. A Cohort Study of Lymphatic Filariasis on Socio Economic Conditions in Andhra Pradesh, India. Noor AM, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2012 Mar 19 [cited 2018 Oct 27];7(3):e33779. Available from: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033779
21. Al-Kamel MA. Impact of leishmaniasis in women: a practical review with an update on my ISD-supported initiative to combat leishmaniasis in Yemen (ELYP). Int J Women’s Dermatology [Internet]. 2016 Sep [cited 2018 Oct 27];2(3):93–101. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28492018
22. Wanji S, Kengne-Ouafo JA, Esum ME, Chounna PWN, Adzemye BF, Eyong JEE, et al. Relationship between oral declaration on adherence to ivermectin treatment and parasitological indicators of onchocerciasis in an area of persistent transmission despite a decade of mass drug administration in Cameroon. Parasit Vectors [Internet]. 2015 Dec 30 [cited 2018 Oct 27];8:667. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26715524
23. Campbell SJ, Nery S V., McCarthy JS, Gray DJ, Soares Magalhães RJ, Clements ACA. A Critical Appraisal of Control Strategies for Soil-Transmitted Helminths. Trends Parasitol [Internet]. 2016 Feb 1 [cited 2018 Oct 27];32(2):97–107. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471492215002172
24. Pinot de Moira A, Fulford AJC, Kabatereine NB, Ouma JH, Booth M, Dunne DW. Analysis of Complex Patterns of Human Exposure and Immunity to Schistosomiasis mansoni: The Influence of Age, Sex, Ethnicity and IgE. Quinnell RJ, editor. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet]. 2010 Sep 14 [cited 2018 Oct 27];4(9):e820. Available from: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000820
25. Omedo M, Secor WE, Awiti A, Ogutu M, Montgomery SP, Mwinzi PNM, et al. Community Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Schistosomiasis in Western Kenya-The SCORE Project. Am J Trop Med Hyg [Internet]. 2014 Apr 2 [cited 2018 Oct 27];90(4):646–52. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24534810
26. Bandyopadhyay L. Lymphatic filariasis and the women of India. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 1996 May [cited 2018 Oct 27];42(10):1401–10. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8735896
27. Lu AG, Valencia LB, Llagas L de las, Aballa L, Postrado L. Filariasis : a study of knowledge, attitudes and practices of the people of Sorsogon, final report of a project supported by the TDR Social and Economic Research Component [Internet]. Geneva; 1988 [cited 2018 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/61220
28. TARSHI. Sexuality and Disability in The Indian Context. 2018.
29. Hofstraat K, van Brakel WH. Social stigma towards neglected tropical diseases: a systematic review. Int Health [Internet]. 2016 Mar 3 [cited 2018 Oct 27];8(suppl 1):i53–70. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26940310
30. Goffman E. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc; 1968.
31. Mieras LF, Anand S, van Brakel WH, Hamilton HC, Martin Kollmann KH, Mackenzie C, et al. Neglected Tropical Diseases, Cross-Cutting Issues Workshop, 4–6 February 2015, Utrecht, the Netherlands: meeting report. Int Health [Internet]. 2016 Mar 3 [cited 2018 Oct 27];8(suppl 1):i7–11. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26940311
32. Muela Ribera J, Peeters Grietens K, Toomer E, Hausmann-Muela S. A Word of Caution against the Stigma Trend in Neglected Tropical Disease Research and Control. Agyepong I, editor. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet]. 2009 Oct 27 [cited 2018 Oct 27];3(10):e445. Available from: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000445
33. Karim F, Islam MA, Chowdhury A, Johansson E, Diwan VK. Gender differences in delays in diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. Health Policy Plan [Internet]. 2007 Jul 27 [cited 2018 Oct 27];22(5):329–34. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17698889
34. Horton KC, MacPherson P, Houben RMGJ, White RG, Corbett EL. Sex Differences in Tuberculosis Burden and Notifications in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Metcalfe JZ, editor. PLOS Med [Internet]. 2016 Sep 6 [cited 2018 Oct 27];13(9):e1002119. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27598345
35. Hotez PJ, Kamath A. Neglected Tropical Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review of Their Prevalence, Distribution, and Disease Burden. Cappello M, editor. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet]. 2009 Aug 25 [cited 2018 Oct 27];3(8):e412. Available from: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000412
36. Rilkoff H, Tukahebwa EM, Fleming FM, Leslie J, Cole DC. Exploring Gender Dimensions of Treatment Programmes for Neglected Tropical Diseases in Uganda. Gyapong M, editor. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet]. 2013 Jul 11 [cited 2018 Oct 27];7(7):e2312. Available from: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002312
37. McDonald M. Neglected tropical and zoonotic diseases and their impact on women’s and children’s health. The Causes and Impacts of Neglected Tropical and Zoonotic Diseases: Opportunities for Integrated Intervention Strategies. Washington: National Academies Press; 2011.
38. Ubachukwu PO. Socio-Economic Impact Of Onchocerciasis With Particular Reference To Females And Children: A Review. Anim Res Int [Internet]. 2006 Apr 17 [cited 2018 Oct 27];3(2):494–504. Available from: http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ari/article/view/40778
39. Hotez PJ. Empowering Girls and Women through Hookworm Prevention. Am J Trop Med Hyg [Internet]. 2018 May [cited 2018 Oct 27];98(5):1211–2. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29611502
40. Simon GG. Impacts of neglected tropical disease on incidence and progression of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria: scientific links. Int J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2016 Jan [cited 2018 Oct 27];42:54–7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26594012
41. WHO. Towards universal coverage for preventive chemotherapy for Neglected Tropical Diseases: Guidance for assessing “who is being left behind and why” [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2017 [cited 2018 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.who.int/gender-equity-rights/knowledge/uhc-for-preventive-chemotherapy-for-ntds/en/
42.JHPIEGO. Gender Analysis Toolkit for Health Systems [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2016 Apr 19]. Available from: http://reprolineplus.org/system/files/resources/Gender-Analysis-Toolkit-for-Health-Systems.pdf
43. Theobald S, MacPherson EE, Dean L, Jacobson J, Ducker C, Gyapong M, et al. 20 years of gender mainstreaming in health: lessons and reflections for the neglected tropical diseases community. BMJ Glob Heal. 2017;2(e000512).
44.WHO. Gender mainstreaming for health managers: A practical approach [Internet]. Geneva; 2011. Available from: http://www.who.int/gender-equity-rights/knowledge/health_managers_guide/en/
45. Caro D. A Manual for Integrating Gender Into Reproductive Health and HIV Programs [Internet]. Interagency Gender Working Group; 2009. Available from: https://www.igwg.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/manualintegrgendr09_eng.pdf
46.Tannenbaum C, Greaves L, Graham ID. Why sex and gender matter in implementation research. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2016;16(145).
47.RinGs. How to do gender analysis in health systems research: A guide [Internet]. 2016. Available from: https://www.ringsgenderresearch.org/resources/how-to-do-gender-analysis-in-health-systems-research-a-guide/
48. Dean L, Tolhurst R, Nallo G, Kollie K, Bettee A, Theobald S. Neglected tropical disease as a ‘biographical disruption’: Listening to the narratives of affected persons to develop integrated people centred care in Liberia. Means AR, editor. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet]. 2019 Sep 6 [cited 2020 Jan 24];13(9):e0007710. Available from: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007710
49.WHO. Taking sex and gender into account in emerging infectious disease programmes: An analytical framework [Internet]. Geneva; 2011 [cited 2018 Apr 29]. Available from: https://hiip.wpro.who.int/portal/Reportspublications/TabId/83/ArtMID/1151/ArticleID/161/Taking-sex-and-gender-into-account-in-emerging-infection-disease-programmes-An-analytical-framework.aspx
50. Hunting G. Intersectionality-informed Qualitative Research: A Primer. [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https://www.ifsee.ulaval.ca/sites/ifsee.ulaval.ca/files/b95277db179219c5ee8080a99b0b91276941.pdf
51. Nowatzki N, Grant KR. Sex is not enough: the need for gender-based analysis in health research. Health Care Women Int. 2011;32(4):263–77.
52. Renu Khanna. Understanding Maternal Health from a Gender and Rights Perspective: A Training Module for Advocates and Practitioners. 2013.
53.Dawaki S, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Ithoi I, Ibrahim J, Abdulsalam AM, Ahmed A, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors Of Schistosomiasis Among Hausa Communities in Kano State, Nigeria. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2016;58(0):54.
54. UNAIDS. The Gap Report [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Sep 24]. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_Gap_report_en.pdf
55. Hankivsky O, Cormier R. Intersectionality and Public Policy: Some Lessons from Existing Models. Polit Res Q [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2018 Nov 6];64(1):217–29. Available from: http://prq.sagepub.com
56. Davy Z. The promise of intersectionality theory in primary care. Qual Prim Care. 2011;19(5):279–81.
57. WHO & UNAIDS. A tool for strengthening gender-sensitive national HIV and Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) monitoring and evaluation systems [Internet]. 2016. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/tool-SRH-monitoring-eval-systems_en.pdf
58. Oertelt-Prigione S, Dalibert L, Verdonk P, Stutz EZ, Klinge I. Implementation Strategies for Gender-Sensitive Public Health Practice: A European Workshop. J Women’s Heal [Internet]. 2017 Nov 1 [cited 2019 Feb 7];26(11):1255–61. Available from: http://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/jwh.2017.6592
59. Wilkinson R, Pickett K. The Spirit Level: Why greater equality makes societies stronger. Bloomsbury Press.; 2009.
60. Derbyshire H. Gender Manual: A Practical Guide for Development Policy Makers and Practitioners [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2018 Oct 27]. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/publications/gendermanual.pdf
61. de Koning K, Martin M. Participatory Research in Health: setting the context. In: Martin M, editor. Participatory Research in Health: Issues and Experiences. London, New Jersey: Zed Books; 1996.
62. Friere P. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Herder and Herder; 1970.
63. Chambers R. Rural development: putting the last first. Harlow: Prentice Hal; 1983.
64. Carr W, Kemmis S. Becoming Critical: Education, Knowledge and Action Research. Falmer Press; 1986.
65. Bradbury H. The Sage Handbook of Action Research. Sage; 2015.
66. Brown LD, Tandon R. Ideology and Political Economy in Inquiry: Action Research and Participatory Research. J Appl Behav Sci [Internet]. 1983 Sep 26 [cited 2018 Oct 27];19(3):277–94. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002188638301900306
67.Loewenson R, Laurell AC, Hogstedt C, D’Ambrusoso L, Shroff Z. Participatory Action Research in Health Systems: A Methods Reader. Harare: TARSC, AHPSR, WHO, IDRC Canada, EQUINET; 2014.
68. COUNTDOWN. Case Study: Developing sustainable tools to improve community engagement and enhance Neglected Tropical Diseases programme equity [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2020 Jan 24]. Available from: https://countdown.lstmed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/centre/Developing Sustainable tools case Study 13.11.19 V4 pdf.pdf
69. Cornwall A. Towards participatory practice: Participatory Rural Appraisal and the participatory process. In: de Koning K, Martin M, editors. Participatory research in health: issues and experiences. London, New Jersey: Zed Books; 1996.
70. Khanna R, de Koning K, Khandekar S, Pongulekar S, Ubale U. The role of research in sensitising auxiliary nurse midwives to a women-centred approach to healthcare in Mumbai, India. In: Welboum A, editor. Realising Rights: transforming approaches to sexual and reproductive well-being. London, New York: Zed Books; 2002.
71. Corbett AM, Francis K, Chapman Y. Feminist-informed participatory action research: a methodology of choice for examining critical nursing issues. Int J Nurs Pract. 2007 Apr;13(2):81–8.
72. WHO. Comparative evaluation of indicators for gender equity and health [Internet]. Kobe, Japan; 2003. Available from: http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/68623
73. ODI. Strategy Development: Most Significant Change (MSC) [Internet]. Overseas Development Institute (ODI). 2009 [cited 2018 Oct 27]. Available from: https://www.odi.org/publications/5211-strategy-development-most-significant-change-msc
74. Davies R, Dart J. The “Most Significant Change” (MSC) Technique A Guide to Its Use [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2018 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.mande.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2005/MSCGuide.pdf
75. Hunt J. Introduction to gender analysis concepts and steps. Dev Bull. 2004;64:100–6.
76. Kamuya DM, Molyneux CS, Theobald S. Gendered negotiations for research participation in community-based studies: implications for health research policy and practice. BMJ Glob Heal. 2017;2(e000320).
77. Molyneux S, Theobald S. The vulnerability and health research paradox: Ethics, gender, trust and power [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Jan 24]. Available from: https://ringsgenderresearch.org/the-vulnerability-and-health-research-paradox-ethics-gender-trust-and-power/
78. Kamuya DM, Theobald SJ, Marsh V, Parker M, Geissler WP, Molyneux SC. “The One Who Chases You Away Does Not Tell You Go”: Silent Refusals and Complex Power Relations in Research Consent Processes in Coastal Kenya. Seeley JA, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2015 May 15 [cited 2020 Jan 24];10(5):e0126671. Available from: *a#0
79. Tolhurst R, Amekudzi YP, Nyonator FK, Bertel Squire S, Theobald S. “He will ask why the child gets sick so often”: The gendered dynamics of intra-household bargaining over healthcare for children with fever in the Volta Region of Ghana. Soc Sci Med. 2008;66(5):1106–17.
80. Varkevisser CM, Lever P, Alubo O, Burathoki K, Idawani C, Moreira TMA, et al. Gender and leprosy: case studies in Indonesia, Nigeria, Nepal and Brazil. Lepr Rev [Internet]. 2009 Mar [cited 2018 Oct 26];80(1):65–76. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19472853
81. Rutto JJ, Osano O, Thuranira EG, Kurgat RK, Odenyo VAO. Socio-Economic and Cultural Determinants of Human African Trypanosomiasis at the Kenya – Uganda Transboundary. Ndung’u JM, editor. PLoS Negl Trop Dis [Internet]. 2013 Apr 25 [cited 2019 Feb 6];7(4):e2186. Available from: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002186
82. Pathak R, Regmi PR, Pant PR, Simkhada P, Douglas F, Stephens J. Gender Identity: Challenges to Access Social and Health Care Services for Lesbians in Nepal. Glob J Health Sci [Internet]. 2010 Sep 17 [cited 2019 Feb 7];2(2):p207. Available from: http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/gjhs/article/view/6667
83. Leduc B. Guidelines for Gender Sensitive Research. 2009.
84. Dorsey ER, “Yvonne Chan Y-F, McConnell M V., Shaw SY, Trister AD, Friend SH. The Use of Smartphones for Health Research. Acad Med [Internet]. 2017 Feb [cited 2019 Feb 7];92(2):157–60. Available from: http://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00001888-201702000-00015
85. Craig Sinclair, Peter Keelan, Samuel Stokes, Annette Stokes, Christine Jeffries-Stokes. Participatory video making for research and health promotion in remote Australian Aboriginal communities: Methodological and ethical implications. Int J Crit Indig Stud [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2019 Feb 7];8(1). Available from: https://works.bepress.com/craig-sinclair/6/
86. Bowleg L. When Black + Lesbian + Woman ≠ Black Lesbian Woman: The Methodological Challenges of Qualitative and Quantitative Intersectionality Research. Sex Roles. 2008 Sep 21;59(5–6):312–25.
87. Christoffersen A. Intersectional approaches to equality research and data [Internet]. 2017. Available from: http://www.ecu.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Research_and_data_briefing_2_Intersectional_approaches_to_equality_research_and_data.pdf
88. Rouhani S. Intersectionality-informed Quantitative Research: A Primer [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d56a/9eba2da23ab70bfadd9ca2e076af4a3a62cc.pdf
89. Peters DH, Adam T, Alonge O, Agyepong IA, Tran N. Implementation research: what it is and how to do it. BMJ. 2013 Jan;347:f6753.
90.Ogundahunsi O, Kamau E. Implementation research toolkit [Internet]. Geneva; 2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/tdr/publications/topics/ir-toolkit/en/
91.TDR/WHO. Implementation Research Toolkit [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2018 Sep 24]. Available from: http://www.who.int/tdr/publications/year/2014/9789241506960_workbook_eng.pdf
92. Kumwenda MK, Corbett EL, Chikovore J, Phiri M, Mwale D, Choko AT, et al. Discordance, Disclosure and Normative Gender Roles: Barriers to Couple Testing Within a Community-Level HIV Self-Testing Intervention in Urban Blantyre, Malawi. AIDS Behav [Internet]. 2018 Aug 6 [cited 2019 Feb 7];22(8):2491–9. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10461-018-2038-0
93.Morgan R, Theobald S, Hawkins K, Waldman L, Elsey H. Chapter 11: Incorporating gender analysis into health systems implementation research. In: A Practical Guide to Implementation Research on Health Systems [Internet]. Institute of Development Studies; 2016. Available from: http://courses.arcade-project.org/course/view.php?id=9
94. Glandon D, Paina L, Alonge O, Peters DH, Bennett S. 10 Best resources for community engagement in implementation research. Health Policy Plan [Internet]. 2017 Dec 1 [cited 2018 Sep 24];32(10):1457–65. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29092039
95.Peters DH, Tran NT, Adam T. Implementation Research in Health: A Practical Guide [Internet]. World Health Organization: Geneva; 2013. Available from: http://www.who.int/alliance-hpsr/resources/implementationresearchguide/en/
96. Nieuwenhoven L, Klinge I. Scientific Excellence in Applying Sex- and Gender-Sensitive Methods in Biomedical and Health Research. J Women’s Heal. 2010;19(2):313–21.
97. Madon S, Sahay S. An Information-Based Model of NGO Mediation for the Empowerment of Slum Dwellers in Bangalore. Inf Soc [Internet]. 2002 Jan 19 [cited 2019 Feb 7];18(1):13–9. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01972240252818199
98. Eichler M. Nonsexist research methods: A practical guide. Cambridge, MA, US: Allen & Unwin, Inc; 1988.
99. Trbovc JM, Hofman A. Toolkit for Integrating Gender-Sensitive Approach into Research and Teaching [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 27]. Available from: http://garciaproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/GARCIA_working_paper_6.pdf
100.Lewin, Kurt. “Action research and minority problems.” Journal of social issues 2.4 (1946): 34-46.